old province sogdiana, comprising two major city states- samarkand and bukhara which had  ancient civilization and brilliant cultural heritage, was the most important province  of transoxian. achaemenids, seleucids, kushaniyan, hayateleh, turks and sasanians rule in this region at a time. at the interval between fall of the sassanid (652 a.d) and conquest of transoxiana by muslim (second half o...

Two distinctive features of Sasanian bridges are their designation as weir-bridges and function in the facilitation irrigation. This has often been used to emphasise a specific administrative centralisation. The author stresses continuity investments infrastructures, from Arsacids Islamic period via Sasanians. It is presented that members elite governing classes well private entrepreneurs provi...

The Authors offer a synthesis of the layers at Tell Halaf attributed to period between 6th-4th centuries and, thus, Achaemenid culture. This attribution is based on their stratigraphical position as well presence specific elements material culture usually connected Achaemenids in residential spaces and burials. article discusses results most recent excavations site (campaigns 2006-2010). try fi...